Stenotype Wikipedia. A stenotype, stenotype machine, shorthand machine or steno writer is a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter used by stenographers for shorthand use. In order to pass the United States Registered Professional Reporter test, a trained court reporter or closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 1. Some stenographers can reach 3. The Web site of the California Official Court Reporters Association gives the official record for American English as 3. Demonstration Marc Grandjean 1. Subtitles are derived from either a transcript or screenplay of the dialog or commentary in films, television programs, video games, and the like, usually displayed. Tamil Typing Practice Book Pdf Download' title='Tamil Typing Practice Book Pdf Download' />Recognized as the best Indian restaurant in Hong Kong, Jashan offers an innovative menu of traditional Indian cuisine with a contemporary twist that instantly. Tamil Typing Practice Book Pdf Download' title='Tamil Typing Practice Book Pdf Download' />The stenotype keyboard has far fewer keys than a conventional alphanumeric keyboard. Multiple keys are pressed simultaneously known as chording or stroking to spell out whole syllables, words, and phrases with a single hand motion. This system makes real time transcription practical for court reporting and live closed captioning. Because the keyboard does not contain all the letters of the English alphabet, letter combinations are substituted for the missing letters. There are several schools of thought on how to record various sounds, such as the Sten. Ed, Phoenix, and Magnum Steno theories. The first shorthand machine the word stenotype was not used for another 8. Karl Drais, a German inventor 3 The first machine was made in 1. Italian Antonio Zucco and was in actual use since 1. Italian Senate. An American shorthand machine was patented in 1. Miles M. Bartholomew. A French version was created by Marc Grandjean in 1. The direct ancestor of todays stenotype was created by Ward Stone Ireland about 1. Most modern stenotype keyboards have more in common with computers than they do with typewriters or QWERTY computer keyboards. Most contain microprocessors, and many allow sensitivity adjustments for each individual key. They translate stenotype to English internally using user specific dictionaries, and most have small display screens. They typically store a full days work in non volatile memory of some type, such as an SD Card. These factors influence the price, along with economies of scale, as there are only a few thousand stenotype keyboards sold each year. As of October 2. 01. Wave writer, sell for about US1,5. US5,0. 00. Machines that are 1. The Open Steno Project45 has written free open source software, such as Plover, and has developed cheap open source hardware for stenography. Keyboard layoutedit. A stenotype machine keyboard layout. Stenotype keys normally are made of a hard, high luster acrylic material with no markings. Basic Questions Asked In Any Software Testing Interview Ques. The keyboard layout of the American stenotype machine is shown at the right. In home position, the fingers of the left hand rest along the gap between the two main rows of keys to the left of the asterisk little finger on the S to forefinger on the H and R. These fingers are used to generate initial consonants. The fingers of the right hand lie in the corresponding position to the right of the asterisk forefinger on FR to little finger on TS, and are used for final consonants. The thumbs produce the vowels. The system is roughly phonetic for example the word cat would be written by a single stroke expressing the initial K, the vowel A, and the final T. To enter a number, a user presses the number bar at the top of the keyboard at the same time as the other keys, much like the Shift key on a QWERTY based keyboard. The illustration shows which lettered keys correspond to which digits. Numbers can be chorded just like letters can. They read from left to right across the keyboard. Its possible to write 1. SP P, but it takes three separate strokes to write 7. Many court reporters and stenocaptioners write out numbers phonetically instead of using the number bar. There are various ways to combine letters to make different sounds different court reporters use different theories in their work. Historically, reporters often created briefs abbreviations on the fly, and sometimes mixed theories, which could make it difficult for one reporter to read another reporters notes but current versions of theories are primarily designed for computerized translation using a standardized dictionary provided by the company that promulgates the theory, which forces reporters to stick with one theory and use only the specific combinations in that companys dictionary. However, it is not uncommon for students and reporters to add a significant number of entries to a stock dictionary usually when creating briefs of their own. Some court reporters use scopists to translate and edit their work. A scopist is a person who is trained in the phonetic writing system, English punctuation, and usually in legal formatting. They are especially helpful when a court reporter is working so much that he or she does not have time to edit hisher own work. Both scopists and proofreaders work closely with the court reporter to ensure an accurate transcript. The widespread use of realtime translation of the strokes has increased the demand for scopists to work simultaneously with the court reporter. With transcripts produced on computer aided transcription CAT software, a scopist no longer needs to have any knowledge of shorthand theories, because the software converts shorthand to text in real time via a dictionary. However, it may still be helpful in some situations while scoping, as misstroked words may not translate and would appear in steno. Depending on availability of scopists and proofreaders, court reporters may use a scopist only to clean up a rough draft of their transcript, then proofread and certify the transcript themselves, or they may use neither and produce a final transcript by themselves, though this is a very time consuming practice. Steno papereditSteno paper has become almost obsolete with the advancement in paperless stenotype machines. When it is used, steno paper comes out of a stenotype machine at the rate of one row per chord, with the pressed letters printed out in 2. STKPWHRAOEUFRPBLGTSDZThis is a basic chart of the letters of this machine. There are, however, different writing theories that represent some letters or sounds differently e. F for final V in the chart below, and each court reporter develops personalized briefs and alternate ways of writing things. English Letter. Stenotype Letter. STKPWHRAOUFRPBLGTSDZExample. Comments. Initial B   PWInitial C Soft  K   Rcell. Use for soft c only. Initial CH  K  HInitial D TKInitial F T PInitial G TKPWInitial H     HInitial JS K W RInitial K  Kcall. Includes hard c. Initial L     HRInitial M   P HInitial N T P HInitial P   PInitial QU  K WInitial R      Rare, our, hour. Initial SSis, his. Initial T TInitial VS     RInitial W    WInitial Y  K W Ryou. Lectra System Modaris V6 Software Informer here. Initial ZS        inal B               BFinal CH            F PFinal D                    DFinal DZ                    DZfriends. Use only for words that end with ds. Bespoke furniture Williams and Cleal.